Magnets could help astronauts breathe on Mars

A magnet-based system could be a better way to generate oxygen in space.
Sign up for the Freethink Weekly newsletter!
A collection of our favorite stories straight to your inbox

Magnets might be the key to developing lighter, simpler systems for generating oxygen in space, according to a new international study from the University of Warwick, CU Boulder, and Freie Universität Berlin.​​​

The challenge: Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) generate oxygen using two devices: one recovers water from urine, condensation, and humidity, and another uses a process called “electrolysis” to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen.

The complicated ISS system wouldn’t be suitable for generating oxygen on Mars.

On Earth, the lighter gasses would float to the top of the heavier water for easy collecting — but on the ISS, liquids and gasses are both essentially weightless. As a result, the bubbles remain suspended in the liquid, and NASA has to use a system of pumps and centrifuges to get them out.

A 2016 study out of NASA’s Ames Research Center concluded that the complicated ISS system wouldn’t be suitable for generating oxygen on Mars — astronauts far away from Earth will need something lighter, more reliable, and easier to maintain.

The idea: The international team of researchers has now demonstrated for the first time that gas bubbles suspended in a liquid can be attracted to or repelled from common magnets in microgravity, which they simulated by dropping their experiment off the Bremen Drop Tower.

“After years of analytical and computational research, being able to use this amazing drop tower in Germany provided concrete proof that this concept will function in the zero-g space environment,” said researcher Hanspeter Schaub.

oxygen in space
One of the containers used during the team’s experiment with parts labeled. Credit: Álvaro Romero-Calvo

Multiple options: More research is needed to figure out what a magnet-based system might look like, but other ideas for generating oxygen in space are already further along in development.

The most notable is MOXIE, a toaster-sized experiment on NASA’s Perseverance rover — it’s already demonstrated an ability to extract oxygen molecules from the Red Planet’s carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere.

The ESA, meanwhile, is sending a new instrument to the moon in 2025 to test its ability to pull oxygen from lunar regolith using electrolysis and molten salt — if it works, it could lead to the creation of an oxygen-generating plant on the moon’s surface in the 2030s.

We’d love to hear from you! If you have a comment about this article or if you have a tip for a future Freethink story, please email us at [email protected].

Related
T-Minus: Counting down 10 upcoming moon missions
A countdown of 10 upcoming moon missions, all leading up to the one expected to return NASA astronauts to the lunar surface.
T-Minus: SpaceX’s Starship vs. Boeing’s Starliner
A breakdown of SpaceX’s Starship, Boeing’s Starliner, and what they mean for the future of space exploration at NASA.
T-Minus: How will solar storms affect Mars astronauts?
Freethink’s breakdown of the biggest space news, featuring NASA’s efforts to protect astronauts from intense solar storms.
T-Minus: How to not die on (the way to) Mars
A breakdown of the five biggest threats to future Mars astronauts and what NASA scientists are doing to overcome each one.
Life on Mars, together
Researchers spent two weeks at the Mars Desert Research Station conducting an analog mission for potential future trips to Mars.
Up Next
moon rocket
Subscribe to Freethink for more great stories